Frontiers of Entrepreneurship
Research
1997 Edition
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Research Return
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PROACTIVENESS VERSUS COMPETITIVE
AGGRESSIVENESS: TEASING APART KEY DIMENSIONS OF AN
ENTREPRENEURIAL ORIENTATION1
G. T. Lumpkin, University of Illinois at Chicago
Gregory G. Dess, University of Kentucky
INTRODUCTION
THEORY
DEVELOPMENT AND HYPOTHESES
METHOD
Research
Instrument
Sample
Analysis
FINDINGS
DISCUSSION AND
IMPLICATIONS
REFERENCES
ABSTRACT
An entrepreneurial orientation (EO) consists of entrepreneurial processes including innovativeness, risk taking, proactiveness, and competitive aggressiveness. Prior research has often regarded the dimensions proactiveness and competitive aggressiveness as synonymous. In contrast, this paper argues that proactiveness and competitive aggressiveness are distinct concepts that may not covary and are differentially related to performance. Factor analysis of 52 firms indicates that proactiveness and competitive aggressiveness represent separate factors. Correlational analysis suggests that these two dimensions may vary independently and are uniquely related to performance.
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